Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Mar 05, 2017 mcgregor formulated 2 distinct views based on 2 different assumptions about people employees in particular. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. If you think that your group members hate their work then you. Theory x people intrinsically do not want to work, so should be managed and coerced in a. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. Theory x and theory y theory x and y comparison theory y theories in the 21st century the average theory y manager makes an effort theory x and y are often studied as.
Leadership styles and management theories alisajjad3. It helped to crystallise and put into right perspective the findings of the hawthorne experiments. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s.
Jun 25, 2019 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. According to theory x, power and authority should be centralized while at the same time having a hierarchy or chain of command upon which instructions flow whereas. In addition, minimal access to data on financials for. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people.
According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. Both theory x and theory y are in agreement that a managers responsibility is to plan, organize and coordinate workplace activities in order to meet organizational goals and maximize efficiencies. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Dec 25, 20 theory y assumes that people are selfmotivated, and thrive on responsibility. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. In this article, we are going to talk about the major differences between theory x and theory y. Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and.
According to theory x, there is complete centralization of authority, in the organisation, i. Assumptions forwarded by the theories suggest the managerial style. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. It also focuses on the characteristics of theory x and y and how to manage upwards theory x boss in any organisation.
As such, both styles of management may have their place in the workforce where the primary need is to motivate employees and maximize productivity. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory a for managing people and performance. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory x management still persists in practice. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. It isnt as simple as just saying that either theory x or theory y is the right theory. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings.
Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. These findings were detailed in the human side of enterprise, first published in 1960. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Pdf comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z. Theory x and theory y team management training from. This 2 minutes clip will give you an insight about. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. This quiz and worksheet combo will help you test your knowledge of these management types and. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y.
Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Findings teachers in higher education were classified under theory x and theory y styles. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Management style and controlin a theory x organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is retained, while in theory y, the management style involves employees in decision making, but retains power to implement decisions. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Mar 11, 2011 a quick once over of two key management styles, of course this is all theoretical and not going to be an exact account of real life daytoday business management. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Jul 08, 2017 theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Identify each managers comments about employees according to the theory x and theory y as given below. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative.
Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and its critical appraisal. The relationship between teaching style and specific motivators in the class. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Theory y managers are obviously the easiest to handle. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. Mcgregor formulated 2 distinct views based on 2 different assumptions about people employees in particular. Since their style of directing is encouraging, it only becomes a problem when its noticeably disingenuous or ineffective with the team as a whole. Theory x power is supreme is the main theme of the theory where the people at work level have no authority to suggest or object anything except to carry out the orders of the supervisor. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. He assumed that the leaders in organization have diverse views on the skills and.
Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Unlike, decentralisation of authority is presumed in theory y, which involves. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory y management style supposes that people in the work force are internally motivated, enjoy their labor in the company, and work to better themselves without a direct reward in return. A quick once over of two key management styles, of course this is all theoretical and not going to be an exact account of real life daytoday business management.
Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never. During the past 30 years, managers have been bombarded with two competing approaches to the problems of human administration and organization. Jun 08, 2011 theory y assumes that people are selfmotivated, and thrive on responsibility. On the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. The main purpose of the study is to discuss the application of theory x and y in classroom management, by explaining the meaning of motivation, theory x and y and applying theory x and y motivation in classroom management.
Theory x and theory y according to mcgregor 1969, theory x and theory y explain describe the differences in management styles and the behavior of leadership. Theory x and theory y were developed to better understand the concept of management as it relates to humanemployee motivation. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. He assumed that the leaders in organization have diverse views on the skills and motivation of the members of organization. In an influential book titled the human side of enterprise, m. It has generated wide ranging and lasting interest in the field of motivation. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace.
Douglas mcgregor was one the writer who came up with management theories known as theory x and theory y managers. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Henri fayol described management as to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control. Learn about theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor in 1960s and understand what management styles they encourage respectively. Be careful with it now because i will not bear this messy work like you did the last time. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. Understand the contrast between the two theories or completely different styles of management and learn how you can apply this in your organizational context. Theory y assumes that people are selfmotivated, and thrive on responsibility. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Douglas mcgregor created two management theories, theory x and theory y. Jan 09, 2018 theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of.
Theory x and theory y theory x and y comparison theory y theories in the 21st century the average theory y manager makes an effort theory x and y are often studied as a prelude to developing a better understanding towards management concepts applies self control and self. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Theory x assumes that employees are lazy, unmotivated, and will do anything to avoid working. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Much more difficult to receive, from a feedback perspective, is a strictly theory x approach. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Management style and control in a theory x organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is retained, while in theory y, the management style involves employees in decision making, but retains power to implement decisions.
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